ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study is reprezented by the identification of the actual methods and the assessment of the future methods of evaluation and underwriting of the risks in the sector of the insurances, for identifying the ways of increase of the performances on this domain. The intended objectives are, as follows: the identification of some analytical methods of qualitative analysis and of the quantification of the risks on the domain of the insurances of goods; the accuracy of the risk-situation evaluation; the improvement of the times for analysing the risk and the elaboration of the decision; the fundamental support for subscribing online for insurances, the elaboration of an application destinated to establish the character as possible or impossible to be insured of an objective, and also the offer of some recommendations with improving character for the objectives exposed to some risk situations at the limit of the threshold of insuring possibility.

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes, in a traditional public choice perspective, the political-bureaucratic relationship starting from the idea that citizens' information is a random variable whose distribution can change because of institutional elements. As in Niskanen's model, we assume that political preferences represent citizens’ preferences, but unlike the traditional theory we consider a stochastic political demand function whose variables are the quantity of the public good and a random variable representing the available citizens' information on the public good. Additionally, political competition as well as mass media competition can affect the distribution of the information. Using the Rothschild and Stiglitz (1970) theory, we show that the size of bureaucratic activity decreases as the dispersion of information among citizens increases, thus improving the efficiency of the system.

ABSTRACT: In this paper we incorporate achievements of interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics (combining Economics, Organization, Law, Sociology, Behavioural and Political Sciences) into analysis of agrarian organizations and suggest a framework for evaluating efficiency of different governing structures in agriculture. This new approach includes: study of farm and other agrarian organizations as a governing rather than production structure; assessment of comparative efficiency of alternative (market, contract, internal, hybrid) modes of governance; analysis of level of transaction costs and their institutional, behavioural (agents preferences, bounded rationality, tendency for opportunism), dimensional (frequency, uncertainty, assets specificity, and appropriability of transactions), and technological factors; and determination of effective horizontal and vertical boundaries of farms, and other agrarian organizations.

ABSTRACT: Achieving and maintaining competitive advantage in an increasingly unpredictable and changeable business climate under the new rules of global competition and sustainable development became the major challenges facing the worldwide companies’ management during the last decades. Our paper aims to reveal the developments of managerial thought and emerging practices that address these challenges, essentially based on the new relational view of business and the supply chain logic. Accordingly, the paper synthesizes the results of an extensive documentary research of the international literature that allowed us observing how this logic evolved and driven to the so called Supply Chain Management revolution. Also it's point out the growing interests at the world level in this field covering the complex problems of integrating the key business processes and managing them along the supply chain, with emphasis on its current shaping as a new multidisciplinary study field.

ABSTRACT: This research is going to focus upon the different opinions of the persons having a low/ average/ high level of education according to age, sex, occupation, income, and their expectations regarding labor market offers, as well as the problems the Jiu Valley has to face at present. The research took place in 2007, on a sample counting 1596 subjects. The data of the research show that the subjects having a higher education level also have a more active attitude towards the problems they are confronted with; they have the capacity of understanding these problems more complexely and are more optimistic than the subjects having lower education.

ABSTRACT: Romanian seaside tourism is not yet well developed and depends mostly on domestic tourists. To increase the international tourism flows on the seaside our country has to make big investments to modernize the existing touristic structures with functions of accommodation, to develop touristic structures of entertainment, to create special events for the decrease of seasonality, to diversify the touristic supply and not last, to increase the global quality of touristic services. In this development process, we need to take into account the European and international evolutions and trends in tourism.

ABSTRACT: Taxation is a reality of today’s economic life, an important factor in the management of a company's incomes and expenses, which manifests itself through the taxes, fees and contributions paid by a company to public budgets. For these reasons, any owner or manager is interested to manage tax flows and tax accountancy so that related costs are minimum and tax law is not infringed. Considering the above-mentioned this paper aims at determining and showing the way in which tax regulations in force influence the level of raw materials and consumable materials expenses of Cerealcom S.A. Teleorman company and, by means of these, the level of the main performance indicators of the company.

ABSTRACT: In this paper we deal simultaneously with two crucial problems in today’s Mexico: a fiscal federalism that is seriously-flawed in the allocation of transfers to the local governments and the large number of offences linked with organized crime, a category in which the country is among the highest ranking. In this paper we suggest a more equitable and effective allocation of public safety transfers to state governments. The proposal is based on measuring expenditure needs through the method of principal components.

ABSTRACT: For presentation and substantiate the findings, in the intervention stage on the spot auditors use internal audit activity-specific instruments, known in the special literature as template of findings. In this material we propose a theoretical approach and a practical example of the methodology of development sites in terms of FIAP recommendations made by the International Standards on Internal Audit and internal audit standards in our country. Regarding the FIAP elaboration, the best practice in field recommends that document should be completed in three stages: First stage: gradual achievement, Second stage: Validation, Third stage: supervision.

ABSTRACT: During the stage of Preparation of the mission of internal audit for intervention on the spot, Internal audit program must be prepared, which shall be based on a specific risk analysis procedures. The Standard ,, 2200 - Mission Plan recommends that ,,when planning the mission, internal auditors should take into account: the audited business objectives and how this activity is under hand; significant risks related to business, its objectives, resources used and operational tasks and the means by which the potential impact of risk is maintained at an acceptable level; pertinence and effectiveness of risk management and control of business systems in relation to an appropriate control framework or model; opportunities for significant improvement of risk management systems and control of business. Practice in internal audit field in Romania, adapted to the requirements of International Standards on Internal Audit, requires that the Elaboration of the internal audit program procedure, to be preceded by Risk analysis procedure and followed by the Opening meeting procedure.

ABSTRACT: Accounting is the instrument used by the management of a public institution to satisfy the need for information and to direct their decisions. The state’s treasury is the public institution that ensures the perpetuation of the cash based accounting. The paper approaches the following: the treasury’s role in achieving the execution phase of the budgetary process, methods of changing into cash the budgetary incomes and to pay the expenses, the accounting instruments of the various transactions that contribute to achieving the budget execution, with the active involvement of the budget classification and of the fiscal register.

ABSTRACT: Forecasting is an essential analytical tool in tourism policy and planning. This paper focuses on forecasting methods based on X-12-ARIMA seasonal adjustment and this method was developed by the Census Bureau in the United States. It has been continually improved since the 1960s, and it is used by many statistics agencies and central banks. The secondary data were used to produce forecasts of international tourist arrivals to India for 2007-2010 based on the period 2002-2006. The results confirm that the best forecasting method based on the X-12-ARIMA seasonal adjustment is X-12-ARIMA(0,1,2)(0,1,1), X-12-ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1) and X-12-ARIMA(2,1,0)(0,1,1). Furthermore this method predict that international tourism arrivals to India for 2007-2010 will growth at a positive rate as same as in this during period the number of international tourists arrival to India will be 5,079,651 million, 5,652,180 million, 6,224,480 million and 6,796,890 million, respectively. If these results can be generalized for future year, then it suggests that both the India government sector and private tourism industry sector should prepare to receive increasing numbers of international tourist arrivals to India in this period.

ABSTRACT: This paper sought to find the long-run relationships between international tourist arrivals in Thailand and economic variables such as GDP, cost of transportation and exchange rates for the period 1986 to 2007. Also this paper used five standard panel unit root tests such as LLC (2002) panel unit root test, Breitung (2000) panel unit root test, IPS (2003) panel unit root test, Maddala and Wu (1999), Choi (2001) panel unit root test, Handri (1999) panel unit root test. Moreover, the panel cointegration test based on Pedroni residual cointegration tests, Kao residual cointegration tests and Johansen fisher panel cointegration test were used to test in panel among the variables. The FMOLS estimator was used to find the long-run relationship of the international tourism demand model for Thailand. The long-run results indicated that growth in income (GDP) of Thai’s Asia major tourist source markets has a positive impact on international tourist arrivals to Thailand. The empirical data implies that when the GDP of Asia major international tourist source markets such as Malaysia, Japan, Korea, China, Singapore, Taiwan increases by 1% then the number of international tourist arrivals to Thailand increases by 1.46%. In addition, when Thailand’s currency strengthens by 1% in comparison to the currencies of the above countries, then the number of international tourist arrivals to Thailand from those countries increases by 0.74%.

ABSTRACT: Forecasting is an essential analytical tool in tourism policy and planning. This paper focuses on forecasting methods based on ARFIMA(p,d,q) or fractionally integrated moving average(ARFIMA). The secondary data were used to produce forecasts of international tourist arrivals to Thailand for during period of 2009. From these period the results confirm that the best forecasting method based on ARFIMA(p,d,q) method is ARFIMA(0,0.443,1). Furthermore these methods predict that international tourism arrivals to Thailand for during period of 2009 will be both down trend and constant trend. If these results can be generalized for future year, then it suggests that the both Thailand government sector and also the private tourism industry sector of this country need to both develop tourism market of Thailand more and develop tourism product in Thailand more too.

ABSTRACT: Taking into account the EU enlargement process the problem of establishing the various levels of tax rates of interest in the context of the policy runs the national tax policy states with influence over capital flows. Quantifying corporate tax rates of companies are the most visible attribute of the structure of company taxation in an economy, while being only one factor among many determining the tax, resulting in a significant economic impact in a state.

ABSTRACT: At almost two years from aderation, the Romanian Economy continues to place in the top the economic growth, instead of competitivity, productivity and performance. The ability to be competitive, at an economical, but also share level, depends on the public polices that are applied, which can ease or break the economical environment. Romania, at the end of 2008, can be described as a combination of good and bad, and for example: economic growth, but not performance in research; relatively cheap labour, but a start of qualified labour workers crises as well; a pretty acceptable fiscal environment, but birocracy and greed are still present; primarely gathering of capital, in a word: rich people but also corrupted and poor people. This scientific work would like to briefly present some of the problems that the main integration process of Romanian Economy in European Union encounters, by trying to suggest possible paths to follow for a durable development of Romania in European and also worldwide context.

ABSTRACT: The financial statements represent the less expensive and the most widely spread managerial communication method. Starting from this aspect, the paper shows the managerial usefulness of the information offered by the financial statements. But, in order to take reality, and not „creativity” based decisions, the financial statements must offer a true and fair view of the company, the managers’ opinion regarding this matter being captured, through a selective research.

ABSTRACT: An informational subsystem concerning stocks will allow the management to observe the current situation of the company, to notice its opportunities, as well as its potential risks for the politics of the organization, both its advantages and disadvantages, as well as to take the most appropriate decisions and later on to control the derived effects. The existing information in the subsystem on whose basis the managers act can be corrected as a result of the amendment in the supply from providers or delivery to customers. Breaching the transacted contracts or the alteration of the contract terms along entail the reconsideration of the decisions concerning production of goods and services.

ABSTRACT: The banking companies assure their incomes, their profits from specific activities, namely from cashing and payment activities, loans, bank placements, financial consultancy, on assuming certain risks. Any banking activity supposes a risk which accompanies all the businesses and it is or it is not produced given the conditions. The risk management and control must be understood on a larger scale, as an action, and on a smaller scale, in an individualised manner on persons responsible with the risk supervision.

ABSTRACT: The concept of economical efficiency expresses the report between the useful effect or the result and the effort and the expense occasioned by its obtaining. The greater the effect achieved on the expense unit or the other way around, the smaller the expense occasioned by the producing of a certain useful effect, the economical efficiency is higher. From the theoretical and practical point of view, the economical efficiency has general applicability, since, without a certain work expense, a certain result is not possible, the work always being the cause, and the obtained product, its effect. And in order to determine the efficiency of the financial control it is necessary to start from a report between effect and effort, obviously adapted to the specific of this activity.

ABSTRACT: The term “expert system” generally evokes new management techniques in various fields of activity. The definition of the expert systems in terms of their architecture reveals three basic elements: the knowledgebase containing specialized knowledge in a certain area, taken from the human expert in that field; the facts which include information related to the situation of management and data concerning a certain problem to be solved and the inference engine which is intended to exploit the set of knowledge in order to solve the problem. Examining the causes of equipment failure and malfunction is a central application field of expert systems.

ABSTRACT: After tens of years during which unemployment was not officially admitted, centrally planned economy claiming complete labour employing, this phenomenon has appeared since 1990. The transition to the market economy and the massive re-structuring of certain branches of the economy considered as non-viable imply raised social costs, one of these being the increase of the number of unemployed; especially of long term unemployed ones. That’s for this social category that authorities should develop a system of unemployment social assurances which, on the one hand, has to protect those persons in difficulty, and, on the other one, to determine such persons whose income is unemployment aid not to abandon the idea of getting a job.

ABSTRACT: Using the state fiscal levers in order to influence the economic system and the macroeconomic variables is known from the ancient times. Fiscal policy decisions reflect the related tax system and ensure its functionality in order to obtain the aimed economic effects. Analysis of fiscal policy measures and their effects should follow the level of taxation, the budget deficit, the level of the general consolidated budget revenues in line with GDP. The paper work presents practical aspects of fiscal policy and measures which should be adopted in the Romanian economy.

ABSTRACT: Defining the terms of accounting evaluation and estimation has a significant importance for the impact these concepts have on the enterprise’s financial position and performance. Evaluation is described as the method of quantifying and measuring in a value expression, respectively in monetary standard of the existence, movement and transformation of the economic patrimony and of the results obtained by its capitalization. Accounting estimation is approach as an appreciation of the monetary value regarding the measurement standards for debts, capitals, incomes and expenses or as a judgment based on presumptions and future projection concerning the elements that can be precisely evaluated in the present.

ABSTRACT: Certification has become increasingly relevant as a marketing signal for agribusiness especially in the fruit sector over the past few years. Substantial parts of many value chains are by now certified by standards as GlobalGAP, Fair Trade, Integrated Fruit Production and Organic. At the same time, in developed countries, particularly in the European Union and the United States, demand for higher levels of food safety has led to the implementation of certification programs that address more types of safety-related attributes and impose stricter standards. Certification systems play an important role in any market that is burdened with a high degree of information asymmetry and quality uncertainty. Thus, producers and exporters of fresh fruit and vegetables from developing countries like Brazil are increasingly required to demonstrate the safety and traceability of their produce up to the consumption stage. The comparative analysis of the four certification schemes which exist in the fruit sector in Brazil has shown that GlobalGAP and the Integrated Fruit Production (PIF) are similar certification schemes. However, they differ with respect to the number of requirements and their distribution over various stages (e.g. production, post-harvesting). Contrary to PIF and GlobalGAP, Fairtrade certification concentrates on producers’ organizations and cooperatives where small-scale farmers belong to and not on individual farmers. In addition, a lot of attention is paid to the labour and environmental conditions, besides the guarantee of a minimum price for farmers. With respect to organic certification, the requirements are not directed to a particular product or crop and their level of compliance is not indicated. Major emphasis is put on the production system. Organic and Fairtrade certification do not have an own book keeping for records.

ABSTRACT: The paper examines the features of private banking business focusing on the substantial growth in private banking over the last decade as commercial banks have targeted upmarket high net worth individuals. The accumulation of wealth has prompted the development of private banking services for high net worth individuals, offering special relationships and investment services. Private banking is about much more than traditional banking services of deposits and loans. It's about providing a one-to-one service by a relationship manager or a private banker to clients with a certain level of wealth. The globalization of financial markets provided access of private banking clients to a broader array of products, thus rendering greater portfolio efficiency and optimization of return through diversification. These kinds of services include: protecting and growing assets in the present, providing specialized financing solutions, planning retirement and passing wealth on to future generations.

ABSTRACT: The paper aim is to find the best opportunity for the Romanian companies, through combing the attraction of EU’s structural funds for increasing the competitiveness (amounted to 2,554 billion euro for Romania), and using the best Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software solution for offered by the most experienced software companies (the largest ERP vendors worldwide according to Gartner Dataquest are SAP with 28.7 market share, Oracle with 10.2 and Microsoft with 3.7. The authors have made a previous research in the field of ERP implementation in Romanian companies (ERP implementation in the whole Romanian mining industry in 2004 year). That research was based on a managerial research, made over 9 companies and 40 firms having over 47,000 employ. The study was focused on the IT level of this companies, and has reveal many interesting facts about hard and soft facilities and also about ERP implementation. Now the authors have made a similar managerial research over companies from different areas of activity, companies that have implemented a ERP, CRM or SCM software using the software made by representative ERP software companies (SIVECO, Oracle and Microsoft). After 2007 (using the opportunity of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) 2007-2013) in conjunction with the 2008 financial –economic crisis, all Romanian companies must use the Sector Operational Program (SOP) “Increase of Economic Competitiveness” for implementing the e-economy (a collection of enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), and supply-chain management (SCM) computer applications ), and some of them have already made it, and the paper present such results. Because Romania attract only a few EU structural funds, and also because the ERP implementation in Romania has a low rate, such a research has never been made, for the Romanian companies, and also the conclusion are very useful for a best ERP implementation.

ABSTRACT: Article highlights methods for classifying investors according to their typology, professionalism and courage in investment activity, methods that provide a useful financial tool. Evaluation of investment behaviour in Romania during the transition period ending with the investor profile psihonomic. Psychological profile and classification systems gain popularity there are a lot of sense that in some years, many firms will use it regularly, adjusting investment advisory services to the current needs of customers.

ABSTRACT: The European funds do not represent an inward purpose, but instruments in reaching the objectives established at the level of the European Union, of the EU member state, based on the implementation documents. This research work displays diverse aspects concerning the Romania’s ability draw of irredeemable funds in period 2007 - 2009. Furthermore, starting, on one side, from the comprehension of the spirit, philosophy and reasoning of the European Union objectives, and on the other hand, from the definition and general characteristics of any program destined to engaging such funds.

ABSTRACT: The concept of sustainable development is built on the premise that human civilization is a sub-system of the Ecosphere and is dependent on its material and energy flows, on its stability and capacity for self-adjustment. Public policies that are being developed on this assumption, such as Romania’s National Sustainable Development Strategy, seek to restore and preserve a rational and enduring equilibrium between economic development and the integrity of the natural environment in ways that society can understand and accept.

ABSTRACT: The objectives set in this Strategy emerged from national and regional debates; they focus on the maintenance, consolidation, enhancement and continued adaptation of the structural configuration and functional capacity of natural capital as a foundation for the preservation and augmentation its support capacity and its ability to operate under the pressure of social development, economic growth and the foreseeable impacts of climate change.

ABSTRACT: The economy of decline, with the type of problems that characterised a big amount of the economic activity of the 1930s, aspects that have not been met until now, has made a forceful comeback, taking into consideration the fact that 15-16 years ago nobody would have thought that the modern nations would be forced to suffer the severe effects of this recession, only for fear of the currency speculators, and that the big advanced nations will find themselves incapable to generate sufficient expenses to maintain the workers and economic agents employed. The world economic system has proven to be much more dangerous. The financial crisis of the United States has spread in the states of Asia, Europe, etc., as a consequence of the economic globalization, and not only.

ABSTRACT: Kaizen is a philosophy of life that addresses to the best who want to be more and better. It is a process of improvement that never ends and it results in many advantages. The Japanese leadership model has shown that progress in small steps, but fast, conduces to doubtless long-term wins. Kaizen method, implemented in Romania, too, brought people satisfaction and more money in their pocket.

ABSTRACT: The accounting treatment for goodwill is far from being accepted, as the constant controversy and contradictions existent between it and the badwill are not yet solved. However, we wonder, in support to all interested groups in Romania, what would be the economic interpretation and perception of this difference? Thereby, if we start our analysis with how the acquisition difference is perceived, we consider appropriate to mention that the difference from the first consolidation can be emphasized if the cost of securities acquisition is compared with the net asset value of the percentage rate at which the securities will entitle.

ABSTRACT: The evaluation methods for an entity are multiple (patrimonial methods, income based methods, direct comparison methods) and the evaluators have to establish exactly which one of these are the most appropriate for the analyzed entity, as well as for the assets which are going to be evaluated, in a specific economic context. The selection of a certain type of approach or method depends on different aspects, such as: the type of entity, the situation at the evaluation period, the available information, the purpose of evaluation, etc. The evaluation standards recommend that the evaluators should use at least two from the three approaches: asset based approach; income based approach; comparison based approach. Each type of approach has several evaluation methods and techniques and between them there is a continuous inter-conditioning.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview on the income distribution across the eight regions of development in Romania. Being far from a thorough research, the paper aims to be a first step in analysing the drivers of inequality and provide policy guidance for future directions of action. In the first part of the paper I will provide a short literature overview on inequality and economic growth and pointing some measures of inequality. In the next section I will present some basic patterns of income distribution across the Romanian regions and drivers of change within the country and I will finally conclude.

ABSTRACT: Income inequality is one of the ongoing concerns for people, organisations, governments, policy makers and the whole world. Understanding this phenomenon is very complex and requires extensive research as it is part of a hyper-complex environment in permanent change. The aim of this paper is to provide a short overview on some drivers of change determining the income inequality among and within regions in Romania.

ABSTRACT: The fresh fruit marketing system is increasingly focused on adding value and decreasing costs by streamlining distribution and understanding customer demands. This paper aims to understand the grapes and mango marketing chains and to evaluate the contractual arrangements between buyers and farmers. It also proposes an analysis of the type of governance used in this value chain regarding the characteristics of their transactions. A survey of 303 grapes and mango farmers was conducted in 2006 in the Juazeiro and Petrolina regions of the Sao Francisco Valley in Brazil. The results show that coordination in the supply chain of mango and grapes and the degree of vertical coordination is increasing through certification. Certified farmers, regardless of the fruit, have a shift from market-based global value chains governance to more explicit coordination.

ABSTRACT: This paper focus on developing the essential components of the global tourism product so that the destination can start functioning as a viable tourism attraction as soon as possible. These priorities should be chosen carefully, so that some alternative options and attractions can be left for later. Not only this allows the strategy and product to be finalized in their functioning, but it also offers elements for keeping the destination dynamic and interesting in the subsequent stages of development. Tourism studies are the most suitable method to achieve progress, but they are expensive and must be used in conjunction with other monitoring techniques, such as performance tests or maintaining indicators. These are significant for finding the measurable parameters which help to determine the impact the tourism has on the designated area. They can indicate whether the positive effects could be foreseen or not, or even if there are unexpected indicators of negative impact.

ABSTRACT: The paper renders evident the role of the forecasting by elaboration of prognosis studies concerning the territorial distribution of the industrial sub-branches and the modality in which this distribution determines the development degree of a region. Also the principles which must lie at the basis of the territorial distribution of the industrial sub-branches are presented, so that the attenuation of the regional development gaps is tried.