ABSTRACT: The article reviews the evolution of external audit in some European countries and considers how this is likely to affect auditing in the future. The analysis shows how the European Commission has recently concentrated its harmonization focus on the consolidated accounts of listed companies and the use of International Accounting Standards. It is probable that this trend will continue and in the short term will cause changes in the arrangements for external overview of the audit and in national auditor rules.

ABSTRACT: The present paper attempts to investigate the extent and determinants of inter-state disparities in socio-economic infrastructure in India during the pre and post-reform period, based on 22 indicators of infrastructural development, across 15 major states of India. The state level composite indices of infrastructural development have been constructed using the correlation weights. On the basis of this analysis, the states have been classified into three different groups according to their level of infrastructural development. The study shows that relative ranking of the states in terms of infrastructural development remained, more or less, the same at all the three reference points (1981-82, 1991-92 and 2001-02). It has also been found that the states in India converged in terms of infrastructural facilities during 1980s whereas a trend of divergence could be seen during 1990s.

ABSTRACT: This paper provides a cultural critique of the meanings of work as they transcend different modes of production. Twenty years on from the collapse of state socialism, Western experts are still called upon to prescribe ‘the best way’ for how productive work should be conducted/managed across the non-Western world (Jankowicz, 1993; 1994; Kostera, 1995, Kelemen, 1999). This ‘one best way’ usually assumes that the basic unit of analysis is the rational, utility-maximising individual; a species, bred inside Westernized secondary and tertiary educational institutions, business schools, or (vocational) training courses, all of these producing their special form of ‘learning to labour’ (Willis, 1977). Thus equipped, this species – what we might call, for the time being, the ‘model-worker’ - is bound to inhabit a rather inhabitable place, an arena of in increasingly global capitalism: the market.

ABSTRACT: The paper draws out an analysis of the manners of adjusting economy to a shock that affects aggregated demand and offer. The adjusting manner is implemented according to specialized works on the basis of classical monetarist conceptions and Keynes’s conception. At the same time, in order to influence aggregated demand and offer monetary, fiscal, and budget policies are employed.

ABSTRACT: In this work, we show the fact that, by the policy of decentralization applied after 1989, at sport level, takes place a social and political organization counted upon/relied on a certain concepts: the increase of the general interest in sport, the non-lucrative aspect of its administration, the members voluntary. These concepts imply a public service of sport and an equalization of the sports, a social engagement/involvement and a disinterested administration. The voluntary in sport represents the link between the officials of the sportive clubs by promoting the same rules and principles, becoming integration means that exist a general interest’s behalf and also, represents an adhesion to sportive solidarity and harmony between the members of a sports organization.

ABSTRACT: This article presents some considerations concerning the management in insurances. There are presented peculiarities of the management in insurances, making the difference between the compulsory insurances and the optional insurances. There are pointed the organizational measures taken by insurance companies, stressing the random nature of the damages, the specific types of insurances such as goods, persons, third-party liability. There are mentioned: the conditions which the manager has to fulfil, the means by which he can avoid the bankruptcy of the company, those modalities which permit to obtain profits for the company, the investment on the money market of those funds which are not immediately necessary for paying the damages towards the insured, the constitution of a solvency margin, meaning redundancy included in tangible assets which have to be maintained permanently. There are distinguished factors which generate the specific of the management in insurances, being insisted over the juridical form of the insurance thru the effect of the law or optional.

ABSTRACT: Analyzing the possibilities to using the traditional assessment models (patrimonial and based on result updating) in the particular case of the mining companies in Romania, it led to conclusions that show its non-applicability at least in certain forms and in specific special situations. Thus, the special assets value in the mine patrimonies cannot be approached unless on the context of continuing exploitation activities and in a tight relationship with the mineral substances reserves to whose turn to profit the activities would take part in. Due to this usage particularity of the production factors capital and deposit the value approach through flow, as an economic value seem more opportune. In present though, the most majority of the mining companies in Romania operate with exploitation losses which are partially or totally covered by state finance subventions. This completely improper operating from an economical point of view rise insurmountable barriers for usage of assessment patterns based on updating the future cash flows. In these circumstances, it appears as a requirement the necessity of developing new assessment patterns that would be able to offer a relevant image, closer to reality, over the value of an operational enterprise or over the value of a mining perimeter that is partially developed. Such a model is developed as follows.

ABSTRACT: The paper concerns the mobile telecommunication services’ consumption behavior of the youngsters aged between 20 and 29 years old from Craiova. The chosen sampling method is the quotation method, method which permits the construction of a sample with the same repartition as the studied population, following an already known criterion (such as sex, age, socio-professional category etc.), within which the characteristics of the individuals (geographic, socio-demographic, behavioral, economic) will be very close to those of the referred population [1]. The sampling criteria (age and sex) are chosen regarding the research objectives and the sample length (200 persons) was determined depending on the organizational decisions that this research confronts to. The chosen sampling method was the quotation method, because it is the most used for the surveys within the commercial field [3].

ABSTRACT: The paper provides an overview of the role and feasibility of information security in supply chains. After the clarification of basic notions the authors will arrive at establishing requirements postulated for supply chain member companies based on the properties of logistics information systems. The evaluative consideration of major standards connected to the topic of the article may aid the formation of an information security management system that is not necessarily a costly and third-party/advisor audited option, and may open the possibility of fitting it into an integrated logistics system.

ABSTRACT: The main aim of this article is the study of the particularities of motivation and professional performances within the private organizations. The purpose of our research was to observe the intensity of the motivational factors and the analysis of the performances in the work carried out at Craiova Ford Enterprise. The qualitative and quantitative methodology used, has led to the elaboration of some premises of the comparative research in the field.

ABSTRACT: Clusters are created in order for companies and institutions to exploit beneficial interrelations. This means the development of a common image, regularly organized meetings, joint planning, and the implementation of tasks. Therefore, the members of the cluster execute a contract through an Association Agreement on Co-operation that defines the rules for cooperation within the cluster. None of the members of the cluster are forced to carry out an activity that is disadvantageous for the member. Clusters can be categorized into stages according to their level of development: start-up cluster, developing cluster and accredited cluster. The paper discusses all of them in detail.

ABSTRACT: The entrepreneurs of the seaside Romanian tourism should display a real interest in direct marketing researches which can supply precious information in orienting them towards the choice and implementation of marketing strategies in order to win once more the lost tourist’s markets. Direct research offers a more complete image onto the researched phenomena, consisting of the direct gathering of information from the tourists arrived on the Romanian seaside, in this case, Mamaia resort.

ABSTRACT: In the article the authors present some issues connected with different aspects of agritourism management in Malopolska Voivodeship. There are different institutions in this region which manage this development. Among them there are: agritourism associations, Agricultural Advisory Centre, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture, local authorities in districts. Agritourism development is managed by these institutions in a different way. Implementation of union funds is managed by Regional Office of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture in Cracow. Next, promotion management mainly consists of different activities of agritourism associations. Agricultural Advisory Centre organizes agritourism training courses for farmers who want to set up agritourism farm.

ABSTRACT: Europe is now being held responsible for the energetic defiance demonstrated by an increase of the global energy demand against meeting this demand especially by using fossil fuels (coal), oil and natural gas. The alarming pollutant effect of coal consumption, high oil prices and the EU dependence on the import of oil are just a few of the challenges for which the setting up of a common efficient and competitive European energetic market should provide solutions. The liberalization of energetic and gas markets through which the Union’s consumers would benefit by reduced and more transparent prices, by more rights, by protection against the uncertainty/instability of energetic supplies and against disloyal commercial practices stands as an example in this respect. Comparing all the advantages and disadvantages generated by the use of coal as the main raw material in the combination of resources necessary to meet the energy demand at European level, it is easy we can reach the conclusion that coal will remain a future safety factor for the energy supplies, and due to its availability, negotiable prices and the implementation of technologies which reduce green gas emissions, the growing dependence on oil and gas imports from unstable third countries can be limited even though the liberalization of energy and gas markets would bring forth lower and more transparent prices for the other competitive resources like oil and natural gas.

ABSTRACT: Land acquisition is a way to make land available in the market for development purposes. An adequate compensation in land acquisition is always been referred to the open market value of the land taken plus its consequences including severance, injurious affection and disturbances. It is always been referred to the value of land to the affected landowners. Kotaka (2000, 2002) models the elements of adequate compensation in land acquisition. Therefore the paper seeks to redefine the adequate amount of compensation from landowners, valuers and administrators viewpoints using Kotaka’s Model with special application in Malaysia. In doing so, data is gathered from landowners, administrators and valuers from selected cases of land acquisitions. Data gathered is analysed using qualitative descriptive analysis to identify elements of dissatisfactions by landowners upon compensation and proposed solutions by the selected respondents. In the end, findings show that there are elements of dissatisfactions of the landowners and ways out are to be more professional in dealing with them. In line with Kotaka’s Model (2000, 2002), amendments to the elements of adequate compensation had been made to further explain it for implementation.

ABSTRACT: Over the last several years, research into fully distributed database has slowly but surely found its way into commercial products. Today, many of the mainstream enterprise database products offer at least some level of transparent distributed database access. This paper studies the replication method as a component of the distributed databases management.

ABSTRACT: Recent trends towards a common European tax policy for the general corporate taxation aim at preventing the negative effects of tax competition, especially those of the national tax base “migration”, by moving corporate main offices in countries with more advantageous systems of taxation. The idea of harmonising corporate taxation constitutes one of the most important debate topics on the agenda of the European Commission for the moment, and also within specialists’ theoretical approaches. The vast range of such approaches is particularly relevant for the complexity of the problems that hindering the formula, even if it is only at a theoretical level separated from the policy feasibility issues, and from widely shared solutions.

ABSTRACT: The building industry has been one of the most dynamic fields of the Romanian economy over the last years. The increase in the number of builders, the penetration on the Romanian market of a large number of branches of the multinational companies, the major investments in large projects, they all give the coordinates of an intensely competitive construction market. In this paper we wanted to point out the fact that the building industry is a significant branch of the national economy, as it plays an important role in the development and modernization of the Romanian society. We also wanted to provide an overview of the building industry evolution on the basis of the economic financial indicators in this sector.

ABSTRACT: The article presents an insight into the old age pension system in France. There are three topic paragraphs: 1 the evolution of its pension system, 2. the present situation, and 3. challenges and foreseen changes. There, the author’s goal was to present both past and present solutions employed by the French pension system, in search for ideas worth consideration in international comparisons. In the summary, the author highlights as a particular French approach, on the background of other countries is existing of the gender equilibrium of the retirement age.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the effects of the crisis in Romania, as a result of a study on 200 people from Romania, men and women with age varying between 20 and 60 years old. The study was realized on a two month period from July to September 2009, through a survey composed of 22 questions, some with a single response, some with more than two. The surveys were completed on the internet, they being sent through emails and forums, in order to save time and cover people from various domains and towns from Romania. So, I have used as a research methodology the empirical research collecting the data through the survey.

ABSTRACT: The sharp deceleration of credit growth to the private sector in the EU, after half a decade of exuberance, will inevitably squeeze households and enterprises and can only aggravate the worsening recession. The region experienced very rapid credit growth in recent years, which was generally viewed positively as supporting rapid convergence to the but at the same time it contributed to the emergence of sizable macroeconomic and financial vulnerabilities. European Governments should use monetary and fiscal policy and not only in order to stimulate domestic non-governmental credit growth because it is crucial for the recovery of the European economies. Within emerging markets, eastern European economies have been the hardest hit. The linkages between western Europe and emerging European banking systems make the region particularly vulnerable. The paper tries to present some financial policy measures regarding banking sector for stimulating credit growth in the Europe and especially, in the Central and Eastern European Countries.

ABSTRACT: Main content of Finance aims to maximize business value and economic means and tools to achieve this objective are the subject of financial management. The financial management in the broad sense means all actions relating to the conservation, management and disposition of a patrimonial right. The property firm is reflected script in the balance sheet, summary of the monetary expression of the activity in one year is given by results account. Synthesis of the results renders all income and expenditure of the company's overall activity, i.e. cash picture of any operation conducted by the firm and hired her heritage in any way. If stock of a company expresses patrimonial state, how they reached that state, which are streams of revenue and expenditures are expressed through your results. Account the economic flows resulting emphasises term revenue and expenditure management, resulting from operating activities, financial and exceptional. Intermediate management balances aimed at explaining the training outcome management company to review its progress. These are two categories of financial management indicators: balances interim management, capacity of self-financing. Give different levels of profitability of the firm. Characterize the financial situation of the enterprise in terms of contribution of different inputs. GIS are largely indicators "cascade".

ABSTRACT: Our country benefits of great opportunities in developing tourism, and the practice of this kind of activity is necessary in the actual stage of national development. The Romanian tourism has been in a continuous resemblance with the entire touristic movement, but through its advantages it tries to cover its needs and minuses. The development of the tourism would lead to special effects regarding the connections established between owners and visitors and the appearance of new personal and professional relations.

ABSTRACT: Computer security is one of the most important issues in the computer world. With the number of viruses and other malicious software that prey on exploits in the Windows operating system increasing, we need to take preventative measures to make sure that our computer does not become infected. The days of only having to worry about e-mail attachments and documents on a floppy disk are over. Nowadays, viruses or worms actively seek out computers to infect without the computer user even doing anything. Once a virus or worm has gained entry to a system, the invaded computer can turn into a virus distribution centre. Often, the computer sends copies of the virus to all of the people in its address book. Even worse, the infected computer may begin to scan a block of IP addresses (that is, computer addresses) to try to find more machines that it can infect.

ABSTRACT: The article is the result of the effort of ordering the empirical researches which I have made in the past few years in Jiu Valley. Here are presented some of the resident’s opinions regarding the economic evolution of the area and the chances of socio-economic rebound of it.

ABSTRACT: Investigation based on poll is the most used method of selective research of a collectivity. In the field of tourism, it can provide relevant data concerning particularities of touring demand during a certain period and area, as well as concerns a certain form of tourism. The investigation used to achieve the poll within balneary touring area of Romanian seaside, is conducted on representative fraction of statistic population, according to the number of tourists, and it is focused on the characteristics of the demand for balneary tourism present in the area of the Romanian seaside, the attitude, thoughts and needs of the tourists.

ABSTRACT: At present, at global level, is more and more visible the fact that the information and knowledge exercise a decisive impact over the functionality and performance of organizations, assuring the sustainability of the economy on long term. Switching to economy based on knowledge is an inevitable process, particularly complex and difficult, that generates for organizations many opportunities and creates, in the same time, an ideal framework for sustainable development. Building the economy based on knowledge, ensuring premises for an accelerated and sustainable growth of the economy, simultaneously with strengthening social cohesion and increasing concerns for environmental protection, is an important strategic objective of European Union. Following, the sustainable development must be addressed as a "responsibility of present to secure the future", the knowledge-based economy forms the basis to achieve this desideratum.

ABSTRACT: Consolidation of enterprises has intensified with the growth of global competition. In the nineties of the past century, these processes became a conventional way for market expansion, leading to establishment of huge international companies with biggest influence on world economy. In steel industry, processes of consolidation have also been the leading processes in management, particularly during a time of prosperity for steel products that have taken place in recent years. The global consolidation has influenced the steel industry in Poland as well.

ABSTRACT: The New Basel Accord aims to ensure that international banks’ regulatory capital reflects more closely the credit quality of their loan portfolios. This means that capital charges will be higher for lending to low credit quality borrowers. Some have argued that this increased risk sensitivity will lead to a curtailment in the supply of capital to emerging market economies (EMEs) .There are several reasons to think that the impact of the new Accord is unlikely to be as dramatic as some commentators have suggested.

ABSTRACT: Taking into account the pressures and risks caused by internal and external economic developments, the need to support economic growth and to reduce inflation, as well as prevalently ensuring the amounts intended to finance infrastructural projects and co-finance projects financed from European funds and Romania’s contribution to the Community Budget, and having regard to the views and recommendations of the European Commission, but as well of the rating agencies expressed during periodic evaluations, it appears that for avoiding the risks noted is necessary to adopt a restricting policy of budgetary expenditures.

ABSTRACT: The financial theory admits that levered firms record a value surplus compared to unlevered firms, at least because of the tax savings, related to interest. A series of fundamental studies indicate this phenomenon. However, incurred debt, especially the long term debt, has a more consistent influence on performance, as stated by the Modigliani-Miller model. To this respect, the paper proposes the empirical testing of this model, using financial-accounting data of firms listed on the Romanian capital market. In particular, the statistical significance of the leverage effect will be analyzed, on a sample of companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange.

ABSTRACT: The CAPM - beta is one of the most used tools to estimate the systematic risks associated to stock. In the last decades different behaviours of beta were revealed for the circumstances of the bull and the bear markets. This paper analyses the CAPM – beta responses for bad and good news for ten representative stocks from the Bucharest Stock Exchange. We identify the bull, the bear and the tranquil markets using a univariate kernal density function and we calculate for each stage the single and the multifactor CAPM betas. We conclude that for most of the stocks CAPM betas are the largest in the bear conditions and they are the least in the bull markets conditions.

ABSTRACT: Local public administration is one of the important sectors of state administration. Through public administration, state achieves its goals, respecting legal regulations. Local authorities - city councils and mayors – must manage in the name and interest of local collectivities the public business and resources. Many responsibilities were transferred to local administration, getting the first base with financial decentralization, trying to get administration next to citizens, as much as possible. Local authorities have a lot of responsibilities managing local finances. Local finances represent the process of constitution, distribution and utilisation of local incoming funds. Administrative-territorial areas’ needs regarding public services and other financial local needs determined the apparition of local budgets. Local budget is a budget of incomes and expenses belonging to administrative-territorial areas. In budgetary process local authorities have the right to establish, observe, control, follow and charge municipal taxes. In this process they also have to report local budgets implementation and rectification.

ABSTRACT: The influences of the political environment upon companies can be of restrictive or stimulating form (to encourage business world). The political factor is directly involved in managing problems and opportunities that could arise on different markets, through direct regulation interventions, stimulation and direction, legislation and economic policies.

ABSTRACT: The emerging economies Brazil, Russia, India and China have been popularly named BRIC nations. For almost a decade the name survived although the strength of the BRIC weakened as the members displayed differential rates of growth in most macro indicators. An alternative cluster has emerged recently which stands out to be more integrated in key variables than the original. The paper seeks to examine the correlation strengths between the BRIC nations at first and subsequently investigate for the newer cluster with the same macroeconomic parameters.

ABSTRACT: The concept of financial position and its multiple meanings are often related to the balance sheet, being defined as the financial statement reflecting a company’s financial position at any time, without giving details on what is meant by financial position. The concept of financial position was refined in the conceptual accounting frameworks of FASB, IASB and ASB. Differences in the content of this concept are linguistic, and therefore insignificant. Therefore we propose the following to make an analysis of dimensions and nuances of the concept.

ABSTRACT: In this work we proposed myself to approach aspects bound to the importance of Six Sigma method in what concerns the growth of the organization’s performances within a dynamic and hostile environment marked by the nowadays slump and by the more and more sophisticated requests of the customers. Within my work I have gone over and presented the necessity of improving the processes through the Six Sigma method and I have analysed the external and internal factors “relatively fluid” and “relatively rigid” which influence the attainment of some superior levels of processes’ performance. I have studied the Six Sigma model of improving the processes and I have emphasized the operational and managerial influences of this model. I have also analyzed the relation of complementarity among the management system ISO 9000:2000, the Kaizen techniques, Total Quality Management and Total Productive Maintenance and the strategy Six Sigma which has as result the growth of the economic performances.

ABSTRACT: The ways of settlement used within international commercial relations have evolved continuously, as an effect of the evolution of the world economy, as a whole, but also as an effect of the evolution of information technology and message transmitting techniques. In the same manner, the ways of settlement which are used in tourism, have also evolved due to the necessity to meet the high volume of international payments for tourism services. Cash payments, traveller’s cheques, bank card payments, payment order and internet payments are shortly take into consideration in this paper, discussing about how often are they used, in which cases and why one of them is preferred to another.

ABSTRACT: In the national economy system, investments are an accelerator for multiplying receipts of material and labour resources thus causing a growth of disbursements from the system32. Therefore, in the system of factors influencing the economic development of a country, investments have a strategic role. This is why, investments are the main method for achieving economic growth.

ABSTRACT: Since 2009 - a new system will work fully computerized tracking of shipments to Romania for intra under suspension of excise goods: EMCS, the new system will record all economic validate who are entitled to send and receive excise goods within the EU. If the EU wants a company to deliver products to one of any other Member State, it may check the database if the recipient is a valid one and can work with him. The database will be updated daily and through the new system will simplify existing rules for commercial movements. EMCS is useful in reducing fraud by creating a system of rapid information exchange between customs authorities in the administration of excise duties.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to challenge the conceptual basis upon which the current auditing standards are based. The paper critically appraises the Auditors’ Code published by the Auditing Practices Board and containing the nine fundamental and enduring principles upon which current auditing standards are based. It is argued that the nine enduring principles should be replaced by seven enduring tensions – the fault lines of auditing - so as to rethink the conceptual basis of auditing standards. Further research should be carried out to test the robustness of the seven enduring tensions as the basis for standard setting. A first step might be to map the existing standards onto the new conceptual basis. Standard setters can deploy a new architecture for auditing standards and one that addresses the tensions inherent in auditing. Standard setting should be recognised as an activity dominated by ethical choices and concerns.

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study is to provide empirical evidence of the impact of non-audit services (NAS) as well as other auditor characteristics on auditor independence by testing the relationship of NAS fees to the occurrence of financial statement restatements. The authors tested whether firms that restate their financial statements have higher levels of total service fees or higher levels of NAS fees than non-restatement firms. The testing also includes an examination of the relationship between the audit firm size and the audit firm industry specialization to financial statement restatements. The study found only limited evidence to support the concept that firms with higher NAS fees are more likely to restate earnings. The study did find stronger evidence that the level of total fees paid to the audit firm is significant in the predictability of a restatement. Results demonstrate the necessity of regulations concerning NAS and conflict of interest.

ABSTRACT: Linguistic and cultural knowledge are very important nowadays when doing business in an international environment. Due to the rapid development of trade in Romania and in the other Member States of the European Union business English has become more and more important in the economic field. The world’s language situation is undergoing some significant changes and that is why I will try to describe the development of English as a global language. The linguistic globalisation is not an internal language phenomenon but the result of a deliberate linguistic attitude, strictly determined by economic interests.

ABSTRACT: In terms of customs policy for Romania EU accession requires the elimination of customs duties on all imports from countries and overall customs duties reduction on imports from third countries. By implementation the Common Customs Tariff (CCT) duties of Romania have seen a change in the value but at the same time, a change in the tariff regime applied on trading partners. Therefore, the utilization of the EU Common Customs Tariff is a very important opening of the Romanian market which will stimulate demand for imports. The Application of duties stipulated in the Customs Tariff involves the reduction of customs protection of the national economy both the industrial and agricultural goods.

ABSTRACT: Starting from the importance and role of the information regarding the costs that characterize the decisional process, the purpose of this paper is to present the main tendencies registered in the evolution of the information technology in order to create the information systems that represent the support for the assistance of the managerial decision regarding the costs. The authors of this paper want to emphasize the moulding instruments, which are an essential part of the managerial process, knowing that mouldiness supposes problem conceptualization and abstraction into quantitative and/or qualitative shapes. At the end of our work we are going to present the results that we got by using Microsoft Excel Solver as an instrument in those problems regarding costs optimization. We have chosen this information instrument of optimization that generalizes the technique of value as a goal and offers more possibilities of simulation of some parameters that create an optimum situation.